According to acheological evidence, paper is invented in China in the 2nd century BCE. The first primitive paper is made from hemp. In 105 CE, Cai Lun, the director…
George Cattermole, The Diet of Spires, 19 April, 1529. Victoria and Albert Museum, London, United Kingdom. The Diet of Speyer in 1529 introduces pre-publication censorship everywhere in the Holy…
Engraving of the Star Chamber, published in “Old and new London” in 1873, taken from a drawing made in 1836 The Star Chamber Decree is issued in 1586, during…
Logo of the Stationers’ Company The Stationers’ Company receives royal charter by Mary I in 1557. With monopoly on printing and selling books, it the Stationers’ Company has authority…
The political thinker Niccolo Machiavelli makes a sweeping defense of republican liberty and public speech in his Discourses on Livy from around 1517. The book is published posthumously in…
Andrea Bonaiuto, Triunfo de Santo Tomás, fourteenth century. Ibn Rushd, Latinized as Averroes, is one of the most influential thinkers of the Islamic Golden Age. The philosopher, jurist, and physician…
Spanish Jews pleading with Isabel, Fernando and grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada in a painting by Solomon A. Hart. The Alhambra Decree issued by Fernando and Isabel expels all…
John Adams (1735-1826) President John Adams pushes the Sedition Act through in 1798, restricting criticism of the president to silence Thomas Jefferson’s supporters. When Adams loses to Jefferson in…
John Trumbull, Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1797 In 1775, a growing tension over political rights and taxation prompts Britain’s American colonies to rebel. Next year, the colonies declare their…